Wednesday, December 24, 2008

Using triggers for performance

Can you use TRIGGERs to increase performance? Really? Isn't so that a TRIGGER on a table will reduce performance, just as any FOREIGN KEYs will? Right?

Nope, none of those statements is necessarily very true. In the case of reads, for example, neither TRIGGERs, nor FOREIGN KEYs has any negative impact at all. Then, assuming we have a read-intensive system, such as some website, then performance isn't much of an argument for not using triggers or foreign keys.

You already know I'm quite a fan of foreign keys. Let me reiterate why I like them: They keep my data integrity intact, that's why. The argument that if I have transactions, then the only thing that might cause data integrity to fail is if there is a bug in the application. There are two things I have to say against that:

  • Many, if not most, users use more than one application. For example, if nothing else, the mysql and mysqldump commandline tools are used. To me, if I use foreign keys properly, I can safely mock around manually in the database with SQL, without causing data integrity issues.
  • Foreign keys are declarative. This means that the rather strict things they enforce are easy to look up and maintain, without looking into numerous pieces of code spread all over the place.


Now, I have made my point with Foreign keys, so what about the original subject of tjis article, i.e. Triggers to increase performance, all I have said so far is that they do not at least decrease performance for reads, but can they increase performance? Yepp. Let me give you an example.

Even with semi-complex data structures, you sometimes get into a situation where even a moderately normalized RDBMS structure cause some queries to be unnecessarily complex. On the other hand, denormalizing it usually has other issues. For example a de-normalized design is often best (performance wise) for SELECTs, whereas a normalized design keeps my data integrity better maintained, in particular with INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE statements. And this anomality is where triggers help!

This is how I think: Start with a pretty normalized structure. Identify the areas where a SELECT would be unnecessarily complex, then add the "de-normalizing" columns to the tables, without removing the normalized column structure or foreugn keys. This means I will have duplicate data, but it also means that SELECTs will be performaing much better. INSERTs, DELETEs and UPDATEs will be more complex and less performant, but this is no big issue as:

  • INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE are less frequent! I said this was a mostly read-only system, right!
  • And here is the magic sauce: I can use triggers to maintain the "denormalized" columns. My INSERTs, DELETEs and UPDATEs will not change at all compared to the normalized structure, as this is still in place as it always has been.


I had this issue the other day. I run a website on my spare time where I, among other things, keep track of bluesbands and gigs with them. I figured out that the bands usually were a combination of artists, i.e. I had "Fat Foo" on one gig, and on another I had "Fat Foo and the Bar". So I ended with having the latter being a lineup and the former an artist. In an ideal world, this would have been a great candidate for a hierarcical CONNECT BY, scenario, but not so now, without that particular feature in MySQL.

All the same, I realized, for a number of reasons, that this would be a bit sluggish. Every time I looked up a gig (in the gig table), got get the name of the artist I needed at least 3 lookups: The lineup, the lineup->artist table and the artist table. A gig always references just a lineup, so every artist is part of at least one lineup, the one with just one member:
Artist "Fat Foo" is the only artist in the Lineup "Fat Foo"
but
Artist "Fat Foo" is also one the members in the Lineup "Fat Foo and the Bar", the other artist in that lineup being "The Bar".

A lot of table lookups, just to get the name of a band. So I created not a trigger here (I'll soon tell you why), but a stored function that would update the corresponding lineups everytime an artist changed. The function would simply sync the lineup, having been given an artist ID.

Now it was to to create the trigger that would call the function above. So why didn't I embed the code in the function right into the trigger? Because I also wanted to make sure that I could always redo all the lineup names, if I decided I wanted to change the scheme I use for this. If I did that, I would use the function easily for that, with a simple SELECT.

So, now you ask, how does it work in practice? And what about the case when "Fat Foo" and "The Bar" keeps their names, but the combo is renamed to "The Fat Bar". I just have two columns in the lineup table, one which contains a "generated name" by the function above, and one which is manually entered. I use the manually entered name if it exists, else I use the generated one, a simple IFNULL will do for this, no extra lookups or anything!

Look at the result on PapaBlues.

And by the way, folks, Merry Christmas to you all
/Karlsson

91 comments:

rpbouman said...

Hi!

nice post. What I am interested in is, can you show us the figures that prove you actually did increase performance. I mean, I'll take your word for it, but it would be even better if you'd show us ;)

kind regards and happy holidays,

Roland

Karlsson said...

Roland!

That's a good point. That performance IS increased in clear, the only table I am querying now, I would have to query anyway. With at least 2 rows less to query, it would be cool to try this out.
I'll do this after the weekends, possibly using some dummy rows. As for numbers, I have some 30 QPS in the system, and keep track of about 3000 gigs, if I include the historic ones. Then we have to look at bands and lineups, but I'll do another blog posting in a few weeks and provide some real numbers. By then the site should have stabilized.

Target Visa Gift Card Balance Check said...

I would like to thanks for sharing high value and informative article with us. And i hope you'll sharing more idea's and keep writing more like this one.

target visa gift card balance,
target visa balance,
target visa card balance,
check target visa gift card balance,
target visa prepaid card balance,
mybalancenow target,
check mybalancenow,
target prepaid visa balance,
visa prepaid card balance target,
target visa check balance,
visa target gift card balance,
target visa debit gift card balance,
check my target visa gift card balance,
target balance check,
check balance on target visa gift card,
target visa prepaid card,
target prepaid card visa,
target visa gift card balance check,
target visa gift card check balance,

Unknown said...

Great. It is very useful information. Thanks for giving us this meaningful and helpful information...

Gamestop Gift Card Balance,
Gamestop Card Balance,
Gamestop Gift Card Balance Check,
Gamestop Check Balance,
Gamestop Balance,
Gamestop Gift Card Balance Inquiry,
Check Gamestop Card Balance,
Gamestop Gift Card Amount,
Gamestop Gift Card Value,

Onevanilla said...

Thankyou For the Sharing the best article publishing.
Onevanilla Card
Onevanilla Prepaid Visa Card
Onevanilla Prepaid Card
Onevanilla Balance Onevanilla Check Balance
Check Onevanilla Balance Onevanilla Card Balance
Onevanilla Gift Card Balance Onevanilla Visa Card
Onevanilla Prepaid Visa Card Balance Onevanilla Prepaid Card Balance
Onevanilla Visa Balance Onevanilla Gift Card Balance Check
OneVanilla Prepaid Mastercard Balance Onevanilla Prepaid Balance
Check Onevanilla Card Balance One Vanilla Mastercard Balance
Onevanilla Prepaid Card Balance Onevanilla Balance Check
one vanilla mastercard

Barry Allen said...

Thankyou For The Beautifull and Needfull Article.
Sephora Gift Card Balance
Sephora Gift Card Balance
Sephora Card Balance
Sephora Check Balance
Jcpenney Sephora Gift Card Balance
check sephora gift card balance
sephora check gift card balance
sephora gift card check balance
check gift card balance sephora
Check Sephora Balance

Barry Allen said...

Thanks for the great comment buddy! You inspired me too by these beautiful words. Keep blogging on and achieve your goals. No one can stop you if you have guts to do something.
All The Best!
Thankyou
Nordstrom Gift Card Balance
Check Nordstrom Gift Card Balance
Onevanilla Card
Nordstrom Card Balance
Nordstrom Rack Gift Card Balance
Nordstrom Gift Balance
nordstrom check gift card balance
nordstrom gift card balance check
nordstrom gift card balance information
nordstrom gift card
nordstrom gift card check
nordstrom gift card check balance

Garmin Express Update said...

Thank you for the post it was really nice. I always like to read your post. There are very easy and simple steps for Garmin Express Update by our expert. For more detail visit our website or call our toll-free anytime 24/7.

Andrew said...

Is it accurate to say that you are searching for some significant insights regarding the Jetblue airlines reservations? Indeed, JetBlue Airlines has an able reservation framework, and the administrations accessible for the travelers are additionally extensively captivating. Because of an exceptionally solid reservation framework, JetBlue Airlines is routinely the principal decision of the individuals who anticipate making an air trip. Those individuals who need to find different significant insights concerning the Jetblue reservationsare in a proper spot. Hence, the most noteworthy parts of the Jetblue Airlines Official Siteare examined underneath.

Andrew said...

You likewise have the alternative to how to activate cash app card without qr code in the event that you lose the QR Code. For the cash application card enactment measure you have to make the beneath referenced strides:
How to activate cash app card
activate cash app card
how do i activate my cash app card
cash app activate
cash app card activation
how to activate a cash app card
how to activate my cash app card
how to activate your cash app card

Andrew said...

Activate cash app card
Activate cash app card
Activate cash app card
Activate cash app card

mcafeecomactivate said...

If the password you use for Roadrunner email authentication purposes has been forgotten, you can complete a reset of your password via the programme. This can be reached by clicking on the 'Forgot Username or Password' icon from the main roadrunner login page? You'll need to submit information to validate your identity in order to retrieve your password. This could include your username and your ZIP code, or your account number and security code, for example. Many alternatives are available to select from.

manisha said...

Are you an out stationer has come to Mumbai for professional reasons and finding thriving metropolis too lonely and depressive? It happens to all single males and you would be no exception. What you need is the services of Mumbai call girls who at your call will be at your flat or any designation you desire. Mumbai is indiscreet when it comes to dealing with neighbors as they mind their business and not overtly show curiosity in what others do. This is the reason a bachelor or single male can spend the evenings with good company as there won’t be eavesdropping neighbor lurking around the corner.
Ahmedabad Escorts Service || Mumbai Call Girls || Andheri Escorts || Thane Escorts || Powai Escorts Service || Bandra Escorts Service || Goregaon Escorts Service ||

Garmincom.express said...

Garmin Express to update apps and Map, sync with Garmin Connect and register your Garmin device. This is desktop program notifies you when updates are available and helps you download them. Garmin Express is the best source By using this you can update your Garmin express application.

Garmin Express Update said...

Thank you for sharing your info. I really appreciate your efforts and Thanks a lot for sharing a piece of wonderful information which I am looking for a longer period of time. Know about Garmin.com/Express.

www.Mcafee.com/Activate | Mcafee Activate Key | Mcafee.com/Activate | McAfee.com/Setup said...

McAfee Antivirus Tools are developed by Symantec Corporation, provides a complete Anti-Virus suite for PCs.o to your McAfee Antivirus software and Open it. · Enter the 25 digits alpha-numeric product key that was mailed to you
www.mcafee.com/activate
mcafee.com.com/activate"
<a href="https://mcafee-mcafeeactivate.com/>mcafee activation</a>

Geremy said...

To be honest I found very helpful information your blog thanks for providing us such blog SS-W vs HB-W Dream11 Team Prediction

Eric Jones said...

QuickBooks error code 6000 arises when you are trying to launch the company file. Undergo this article to get the effective solutions to resolve the error 6000.

Unknown said...

To be honest I found very helpful information your blog thanks for providing us such blog PS-W vs SS-W Dream11 Team Prediction

Selectmytutor said...

Great delivery. Outstanding arguments. Keep up the great spirit.
Private Tutors

Keisha Mitchell said...

Nice Blog with valuable information.
epson wf-7620 error code 0x97
brother printer default admin password
epson printer communication error
default brother printer password
brother printer in error state windows 10
epson printer communication error mac
epson wf-3640 error code 0x97
brother printer default admin password
brother printer default password

Nick Smith said...


Southwest Airlines support Number
Southwest Airlines Booking Number
Southwest Airlines Reservation Number
Southwest Airlines Cancellation Number
Southwest Airlines Manage Booking




Spirit Airlines Support Number
Spirit Airlines Booking Number
Spirit Airlines Reservation Number
Spirit Airlines Manage Booking Number


Thanks for your article. It was interesting and informative.Here I also want to suggest your reader who usually travels one place to another they mustvisit spirit Airlines that offer best deals to book your seat on Alaska Airlines Reservation Number .So do hurry and avail the best deals and get rid of to check different websites for offers.Delta Airlines Cancellation Number


Spirit Airlines Booking Number
Spirit Airlines Morning Flights
Spirit Airlines Reservation Number
Spirit Airlines Reservations
Spirit Airlines Support Number


Frontier Airlines Booking number
Cheap Flights
how to find cheap flights
how to get cheap flights
where to find cheap flights
Frontier Airlines Reservation Number
Frontier Airlines Reservations


Etihad Airways, Etihad Airways Cancellation Number, Etihad Airways Cancellation Policy, Etihad Airways Manage Booking, Etihad Airways Refund Policy

Delta Airlines Cancellation Number


Alaska Airlines manage booking
Alaska Airlines Reservation Number



jetblue airways manage booking number

Travel Guides, Tips & Advice, Best Travel Information said...

Kuwait Airways booking number
Kuwait Airways support number
Kuwait Airways Reservation number
Kuwait Airways Cancellation number
Kuwait Airways Manage Booking
Kuwait Airways Manage Booking Number

Kuwait Airways Manage Booking and Online booking deals, grab cheap direct, last minute flight tickets Kuwait Airways reservations on friendztravel. For any Query contact

Nick Smith said...


Etihad Airways
Etihad Airways Cancellation Number
Etihad Airways Cancellation Policy
Etihad Airways Manage Booking
Etihad Airways Refund Policy


Best Assignment Experts said...

Best Assignment Experts are known as one of the best assignment service providers across the world because we endure some special qualities. As we know that preparing assignments is tedious work for students so our team promises them to offer help in preparing the assignments. Our team of top-class professionals is always here to offer help and support to our students who search for online assignments or “ Make My Assignment ”. We assure our students to prepare the superior quality of assignments with the proper customizations provided by them within the promised delivery time and help them to score better grades and strengthen their academic career.

Eric Jones said...

Users may face QuickBooks Error Code 6105 while creating space by archiving QB files or data. Rebooting the database server can troubleshoot the error code 6105

Nick Smith said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Nick Smith said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Nick Smith said...


There are situations such as a death in the family, legal compulsions, etc.
in which one is compelled to cancel a flight ticket booked. Sometimes airlines
also have to cancel a flight because of reasons such as bad weather warlike situations, etc.
etihad airways manage booking

Nick Smith said...

southwest Airlines Manage Booking. Get lowest fares on Domestic and
International southwest Air flight Booking with best discount & offers. Book your
southwest airlines manage booking +1-844-414-9223
southwest vacation packages
southwest airlines reservations

Nick Smith said...

southwest Airlines Manage Booking. Get lowest fares on Domestic and
International southwest Air flight Booking with best discount & offers.
southwest airlines sale $69
southwest airlines flights

Nick Smith said...

American Airlines Manage Booking. Get lowest fares on Domestic and
International American Airlines flight Booking with best discount & offers.
American Airlines Flight Cancellation


Garmin GPS said...

Make travel life easier with Garmin Map Update. Users can use the highest and simplest features that make their journey more seamless. To get a real-time update of every location you traverse, apart from the Garmin express update, you have to ensure that your Garmin GPS device stays up-to-date.make sure you read the specification so that you install the latest Garmin GPS device update file and improve the overall functionality of your Garmin GPS device.

Mithlesh Kumar said...

Most of them are free social bookmarking submission sites. From social bookmarking sites list with high DA, you can create high DA PA backlinks and improve ranking and traffic which mostly has to follow for your websites which help in increasing DA and PA.

1000 social bookmarking sites list
social bookmarking sites

800Customernumber said...

Aeromexico Telefono
Numero De Telefono De Aeromexico
Telefono De Aeromexico
Aeromexico Telefono USA
Aeromexico Telefono Mexico
Telefono De Aeromexico En Espanol
Aeromexico Official Site
Aeromexico Telefono USA Mexico

Yakshita said...

Thanks for Sharing such an amazing article. Keep working... Your Site is very nice, and it's very helping us.. this post is unique and interesting, thank you for sharing this awesome information

Kanya Utthan Yojana Bihar

activation said...

Very nice post. I just stumbled upon your blog and wanted to say that I’ve really enjoyed browsing your blog posts. www.amazon.com/mytv In any case I’ll be subscribing to your feed and I hope you write again very soon!

Yakshita said...

Your blog is filled with unique good articles! I was impressed how well you express your thoughts.


DTA Telangana, ts dta telangana, TS Treasury - Employee Payslip download, treasury.telangana.gov.in Login

Yakshita said...

Your blog is filled with unique good articles! I was impressed how well you express your thoughts.

e pass online maharashtra Gov | Maharashtra Covid ePass 2021@covid19.mhpolice.in | Apply Online | Online Track the Application Status

Fubotv Activate said...

FuboTv is online streaming service that allows you to watch live TV without paying for a cable subscription. It works with the internet, and you require a compatible device for using it. Once you are done with the full set up at fuboTv connect code, you can easily watch live news, sports, and many more shows of some of the popular TV networks.
fubo.tv/Connect

Unknown said...

When you go soon after a writer to entrust your finance research – which requirements do you use to outline the good quality of services? Most absolutely you would dig out anything at type my paper all that could assist you make your selection. Does some thing like a large portfolio of accomplished works sound comforting? How about the alternative of a totally free first website page? Or two weeks of cost-free revisions following the paper supply? Not ample? Then it ought to be fantastic, a funds-back ensure is also obtainable. Hand your perform to a experienced ghostwriter, grant you a well-deserved split from regime!

Sarah Winget said...

We don't simply satisfy “write my essay for me” demands. Actually, we give you an extensive paper that you can use as a model for your own writing, as a wellspring of motivation or references, or to act as an illustration of nice argumentation on your exposition theme. Here, you pay for the excellent of papers, for the idealness, and for the measures of your time saved. cheap assignment help , write my assignment

Henry Jones said...

Understanding the facts can never be such normal thing which you have described the matter easily in the steps which are hard to follow such as to assignment help company and related queries with GoAssignmentHelp that provides the best and affordable services easily without even thinking of the old castle type things which cannot be ignored literally with efforts of Adelaide assignment helpers who are delicately working to provide the best university assignment help at unbelievable prices easily.

parkerkenneth said...

The secret for student success lies in the material you use for learning.Try Solution Manual For Genetics From Genes To Genomes 5th Edition 5th Edition and feel the difference.

linda parker said...

You can find Essentials Of Business Communication Eighth Canadian Edition Test Bank online in pdf/word format. Avail instant assistance for issues 24/7. There is no waiting time!

linda parker said...

College exams are not hard anymore! Face even the toughest tests and assignments with Solution Manual For Modern Operating Systems 4th Edition right away!

Yakshita said...

Thank you for posting such a great article! It contains wonderful and helpful posts. Keep up the good work

TNEB Online Payment, TANGEDCO, TNEB Bill Status Online, www.tnebnet.org, TNEB Mobile Number Registration/Update

Fubo.tv/Activate-code said...

A broad network of assist hardware has FuboTV’s back. It is available on most of the android and iOS stores. Apart from this it also has apps for over-the-top boxes and sticks. These include Amazon Fire TV, Android TV, Apple TV, Chrome cast and Roku. Samsung Smart TVs are available in the beta version. fubo.tv/Connect code

kimberlykeller said...

Looking for the best study guides online? We offer Test Bank For Global Marketing Management 5th Edition 2 at the lowest prices. Download instantly and improve your grades today.

linda parker said...

Getting Solution Manual For Introduction To Electrodynamics 4 E 4th Edition is easier than ever with our exclusive collection of testbanks and solution manuals online.

linda parker said...

Getting Solution Manual For Introduction To Finance Markets Investments And Financial Management 14th Edition is easier than ever with our exclusive collection of testbanks and solution manuals online.

Goskylinetravel said...

Find cheap flights and save money on online flight booking to every destination in the world at Thejourneytips.com. Book flight tickets with confidence. You never know you can get better deals on online flight booking if you search for different dates.

Book Spirit Airlines Reservations: Are you planning to explore the next destination on your bucket list? Yes, then you must be looking for the right airline for your trip. Well, there is no need to look further because Spirit Airlines is one of the best choices to fulfill your travel dream. Opt for the Spirit Airlines reservations process, and get ready to explore the world of convenience and comfort. The airline strives to meet your expectations, and therefore it works day and night to make your journey memorable. So, don’t wait further, and book flight tickets now.

If you already booked your flight with Spirit Airlines, you can manage it with Spirit Airlines Manage Booking.

Portia Williams said...

Hey great article.. find this excellent page, one of the most interesting info online.

Bin Shafiq Digital said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Bin Shafiq Digital said...

you must read
you must read
you must read
you must read
you must read
you must read
you must read

Komal Khan said...

DoramasThailand

Komal Khan said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
pagal ho tum said...

Tyler the Creator Merch Official website for crazy fans. Get Tyler the creator of Merchandise Hoodies, T-shirts, Sweatshirts.







Tyler The Creator Merch

linda parker said...

Make your college life easier and learn smart with Smith And Robersons Business Law 15th Edition Solution Manual today. Visit Test Banks21 for instant success.

Alex Thompson said...

Nice information,

Know more about Spirit Airlines Name Change Policy. If passengers entered wrong name on Spirit airlines ticket, they are allowed to change their name with limited access. With Spirit Airlines Name Change Policy, the carriers have the frameworks set up that will permit travelers to deal with such circumstances, as by time before the booked takeoff travelers can make the name changes, with the name change amount.

Explore more details about Spirit Airlines name change fee

miker.morriss said...

Student needs are changing at an amazing rate now and dependency on online test banks and solution manuals are trending. TestBank2022 provides Test Bank For Health Care Usa Understanding Its Organization And Delivery 8th Edition to help students acheive top grades at ease.

Casino-789betting said...

Great job and continue to do same. ล้างรถ อุบล

Casino-789betting said...

I like this article thank you so much. ทางเข้า 789bet

merchstore said...

amazing article thanks for sharing death race for love merch

merchstore said...

great post thanks for sharing keep up the good work Jesus is king merch

pagal ho tum said...

I really fell happy to read this post thanks for sharing this very good post.
heron preston shop

merchstore said...

amazing article as always thanks for sharing Ye Must be Born Again Hoodie

Olivia Emma said...



A lot of technological invention had been witnessed in modern times. Custom boxesWith dynamic acceleration in technology, it has become possible to print anything you want or your mind says. It could be a character or any other messy print.

Emma Sara said...

Vi fik den lækreste butterchicken. Smagte helt fantastisk - og endnu mere fantastisk take away Brøndby var det, at vi fik en lille smagsprøve inden i forhold til hvor stærkt. at vi hver især ville have det - genialt - da vi i familien har vidt forskellig holdning til stærkt mad. Super betjening - kan absolut anbefales - hele familien er fan

zarkazijar said...

This absolutely amazing, you got true and fresh information posted here, really found it useful, thanks for posting and the effort! Please keep sharing more of such blogs. nocen cut off mark for agric science education

custom boxes said...


You won’t find anyone out there longing to have the most unappealing and utterly boringe cigarette boxes placed on other their storefronts or counter displays. Not even the retail shelves for that matter. Because these choices reflect nothing but boredom and dull. Such factors drive the customers away.

essentials hoodies said...

Essentials Shop is the Official Essentials Store with Fear of GOD Essentials. Get Amazing FOG Essentials Hoodie with a 50% Discount.


Essentials Shop

Casino-789betting said...

Thank you so much for the post you do. I like your post and all you share with us is up to date and quite informative. ฟิล์มกรองแสง อุบล

Adele Hansley said...

Is your professor dissatisfied with your assignment? Are you in search of someone who can write my paper? Now, don't worry; Sample Assignment is here to assist every scholar and student with their high-quality assignment. They have a team of professionals in many academic fields, including essay writing, dissertations, case studies, and areas such as economics, education, humanities, law, etc. Scholars from all academic backgrounds will obtain high-quality assignments from Sample Assignment at their leisure, with exclusive prices and offers.

pp0214 said...

ราคาบอล many rewards are waiting for you.click to win

naza666 said...

sa casino easy online gaming 24hours to lucky prize

123dd said...

Slot games that get jackpots are very easy at this site ทางเข้าเว็บ 123

bobo said...

wwbet NUMBER ONE CASINO LOTTERY ONLINE.

Zackrobert said...

To keep your business thriving, convert your Quicken data to QuickBooks Desktop. Converting directly to QuickBooks Desktop or using the Quicken converter to upgrade your file first are two simple methods to get started with the transfer. Quicken for Mac is a program that allows you to keep track of your finances Quicken Converter and QuickBooks' Conversion Utility are unable to convert Quicken for Mac data files. If you're using Quicken for Mac, you'll need to convert your data file to Quicken for Windows first or create a new QuickBooks company file. Make sure you don't have another version of this program installed before using it.

johnsmith said...


If you have problem with, Cash App Bitcoin Verification Please read my blog
Cash App Bitcoin Verification

Writer said...

Get your manga script format essay in a very short time online from our qualified writers. Be sure of its correctness and no plagiarism text.

johnsmith said...


If you’re stuck with a cash app-related issue such as
Borrow money from cash app
, contact cash app technical support. Get a quick solution to your problems by dialing the helpline number.

sifon said...

Wow, wonderful blog layout! How long have you been blogging for? you make blogging look easy. The overall look of your blog is great, let alone the content. social studies past questions

RavenParker said...

Stop worrying About your exam scores! College is easier now with TestBank23 products like Solution Manual For College Algebra 2nd Edition at the best price online.

M.Mehar Din said...

Billionaire Boys Club Clothing Official Shop for BBC ICECREAM Fans. Get Amazing BBC Hoodies & ‎BBC T-Shirts at Official EU Store.

Essentias Hoodie said...

Thanks for the great comment buddy! You inspired me too by these beautiful words. Essentias Hoodie

Global Assignment Expert said...

Do you need help in writing quality Assignments? Visit Global Assignment Expert for flawless assignments, Our online assignment services are very famous among students. By following three easy steps you can get help from our experts place your order, make payment, and get your assignment done. We value our customers hence Global Assignment Help is fully customer-centric website.

playboicartishop said...





Thanks a lot hundreds of along with you should go on the pleasurable get the job done.
j cole merch

dixinfotech said...

Thanks for the great comment buddy.
Website Designing Company in Faridabad

dixinfotech said...

Thanks for the great comment buddy.
Social Media Marketing Services

melody said...

เว็บ123 GOOD GAMEMING